Climbing is an elusive skill that many cyclists want to have and few seem to have mastered. It’s often times the key component of many events, touting huge climbs and relentless rolling hills. They can wear even the strongest cyclist down both mentally and physically, and leave you feeling completely spent. However, if you can understand what makes a great climber, the science behind climbing, and how to alter your training to prepare for the climbs, you can conquer any grade with confidence. Climbing will never be easy, but you can be prepared with the knowledge and workouts necessary to get you up and over your next big climb.
What Makes a Great Climber?
There are many different factors that go into making a great climber. While these components don’t have to be represented equally, they are all necessary to being a successful climber. Keep all of these in mind when you’re working towards being a stronger climber.
Form
The first component and possibly one of the most underrated is form. This is simply how you pedal your bike when going uphill. While strength and aerobic capacity are important, without proper form, you will waste too much energy. The goal should be to remain relaxed and seated for as long as possible, keeping a cadence of between 80 to 90rpms. Try to relax your upper body and keep your hips and low back stable as you apply power to the pedals.
Strength to Weight Ratio
Next, focus on your strength to weight ratio. This ratio highlights how much power you’re able to generate per lb/kg of body weight. The higher the ratio the better you’ll be when the grade begins to increase. This is one of the best metrics to keep watch of as you track your progress through a season or a training cycle.
High Threshold
Another component, and one of the ways to increase your strength to weight ratio, is to increase your thresholds, either lactate threshold or Functional Threshold Power (FTP). Performing workouts that increase your threshold are valuable not only to climbing, but your overall fitness as a cyclist. Remember, the higher your threshold the more power you can generate for the duration of the climb.
Mental Strength
One of the things that makes great climbers successful is their ability to tackle the mental obstacles that come with climbing. Many riders are defeated before the climb begins due to negative self-talk and a poor attitude. Develop the mental strength and psychological tools needed to tackle any ascent. Work on steady and calm breathing, remembering that often times once your breathing deteriorates so does your performance. Also, try to remain positive going into the climb. Don’t let your nerves get to you!
The Science Behind Climbing
Now that you understand what it is that makes a great climber you can begin to dive into the science behind why climbing is more difficult. Understanding the intricacies of both your bike and your body will further help you prepare for your next climb.
Bike Dynamics
Your bike is constantly battling three primary forces: rolling resistance, air resistance, and gravity. When you begin to go uphill, gravity becomes the primary concern as the other forces diminish. As the grade gets steeper, the gravitational pull increases exponentially. It’s for this reason that a high strength to weight ratio is important1. The lighter your body and bike, the less gravity will effect your upward movement.
Body Dynamics
Body composition is extremely important to be a great climber. Studies show that every one pound of body weight takes approximately two watts to move uphill. Striking the proper balance between height, weight, and power is vital. Finding your height to weight ratio can help you hone in on your ideal balance. Simply divide your weight in pounds by your height in inches. The ideal ratio is 2.1 for men and 1.9 for women2. This provides a good benchmark for most riders to determine how efficient they can be as a climber, and where they might be able to improve.
Muscular and Aerobic Response
As you begin to propel your body uphill you begin to apply more force to the pedals. This application of force engages fast twitch muscle fibers and in turn begins to produce lactic acid at a higher rate. This causes the all too familiar burning sensation in your legs as you climb. Your number one weapon against this response is to keep your cadence high and remain seated. This tactic causes muscles to contract faster and lessens the buildup of lactic acid.
Your body is also consuming oxygen at a faster rate. This means that you have to adjust your effort accordingly to be able to supply your body the necessary oxygen for the duration of the climb. If you begin to work outside of your body’s ability to produce sufficient oxygen (anaerobic), you’ll most likely bonk. So keep your cadence high, remain seated, and remain aerobic for the best approach to your big climbs.
How to Apply What You’ve Learned
Understanding the key components as well as the science behind climbing are critical to understand before you apply the correct principles to your training. This will allow you to know exactly where you’re lacking as a rider to then prescribe the appropriate workouts. Let’s now apply these takeaways to specific workouts.
Specific Workouts
One of the key components to increasing your ability overall as a cyclist is to perform threshold work. This often is prescribed in two different forms- sweet spot training and anaerobic intervals.
Sweet spot intervals are the perfect way to increase your threshold without accumulating excess training stress. These intervals are performed at 80 to 90 percent of your established threshold and usually last anywhere from 15 to 30 minutes.
Secondly, anaerobic intervals are performed above your threshold and usually last for 10 seconds to 1 minute. These can provide the top end power when the climbing gets steep and you have to get out of the saddle.
By implementing these two types of training you can prepare your body for both long steady state climbs, as well as shorter more intense efforts. Before any workout it’s best for athletes to ride for at least 20 minutes at an easy pace to get warmed up.
Strength Work
Strength training for endurance athletes is about building a stronger, more well-rounded athlete. Focus on exercises that have multiple hinge points. For example, bicep curls have one hinge point and squats have three. Explosive exercises and functional movements help to develop smaller connective muscles, fast twitch muscles, and tissues that aid in injury prevention.
You should highlight your “prime movers”, meaning your quads, glutes, hips, and low back3. Regardless of the type of strength work you do, H.I.I.T., Crossfit, traditional machines, etc., keep these key elements in mind to ensure you’re building the appropriate muscles for cycling.
Hill Repeats
If you’re going to be a good climber, you need to train on hills. Workouts such as repeats done for 8 to 12 minutes at a 4 to 6 percent grade done at threshold are a great place to start. Another key session is maximum effort repeats above your threshold for one to three minutes.
If you don’t have hills, you can perform big gear drills where you focus on maximum power to the pedals in the biggest gear you can turn for 3 to 10 minutes. Integrate hill work or simulations into your routine one to two times per week during the build period of your training cycle. Make being a better climber a priority by focusing on specific workouts that are guaranteed to make you stronger.
Group Rides and Races
One of the best things you can do to improve is to put yourself out there! Don’t be afraid to apply what you’ve done in training to your favorite group ride or race. These are the times when you can develop your mental strength as well as work on climbing strategy.
If what you’ve been doing doesn’t work in a real world application, then go back and adjust your training strategy to come back stronger. Riding and racing with your peers will keep your training on track and keep you honest about where your strengths and weaknesses are.
Climbing is a classic part of cycling. Most riders have stories of epic climbs and brutal terrain that are both inspiring and frightening. Once you’re armed with the knowledge of what makes a good climber and how to properly train for the climbs, you can feel confident in your ability. Don’t shy away from big days in the mountains or relentlessly rolling road rides. With a little science and some hard work, you can be ready to tackle any terrain.
References
- Swain, D.P. (1998). Cycling Uphill and Downhill. Retrieved from https://www.sportsci.org/jour/9804/dps.html
- Friel, Joe (2009). The Cyclists Training Bible. Velo Press
